기후변화영향분석모델 Ⅲ

Abstract

The goal of this study is two fold: 1)To estimate economic burden, changes in premature mortality and morbidity, and their corresponding monetary values associated with introduction of carbon taxes and/or fuel taxes, such that the costs and benefits are compared for tax variations. The methodology applied to the study is of integrated model of top-down and bottom-up regional model. For the study the region includes Seoul, Inchon, and Kyonggi, the pollutants are carbon, PM10, SO2, and NO2, the periods in concern is 2000-2030, and tax scenarios are US$ 21/TOC in 2010 the increase by $1 yearly while fuel tax rates gradually increase: kerosene: annual 3% increase from 2004 to 2019(48%), thereafter 48%; diesel: annual 5% increase from 2004 to 2019(80%), thereafter 80%; Bunker-C: annual 0.5% increase from 2004 to 2019(7.5%),thereafter 7.5%; LPG: annual 4% increase from 2004 to 2019(60%), thereafter 60%. The costs are estimated employed by top-down, forward-looking dynamic computable general equilibrium model in order to analyze national economic burden of taxes implemented for the purpose of mitigating greenhouse gases and/or local air pollutants. The national level of economic costs is allocated to three regions according to gross regional domestic products(GRDP) exogenously given. The bottom-up impact pathway approach is utilized to calibrate environmental health benefits. The sequential modules for the part include taxes ？emission ？air pollutant concentration ？health effects ？monetary values. Box-model approach is used to estimate regional level of air pollutants and for the changes in occurrences of mortality and morbidity concentration-response function is used. The opportunity cost is used for morbidity and willingness to pay is used to estimate value of statistical life. The primary findings of the study are as follows. When implementing fuel taxes, the reduced amounts for instance for Seoul in 2015 are 650,585TOC for greenhouse gas, 1,650,743kg for PM10,, and 17.530 ug/m3 for PM10 concentration, respectively. The corresponding reduced occurrences of asthma and respiratory disease are 735 and 354, respectively and premature mortality reduced is 626. The monetary value associated with the health effects is equivalent to US$613million. The economic burden calibrated with GRDP is US$1,353million, net cost subtracting health benefits and revenues from GHG in emission trading amounts to US$723million such that the benefit-cost ratio is 0.466. The ratios for each region for benefits of health-only(Air) and health plus GHG(Air+GHG) is shown on Table 1. In case of carbon tax is implemented, the reduced amounts for instance for Seoul in 2015 are 132,849TOC for greenhouse gas, 189,071kg for PM10, and 2.014ug/m3 for PM10 concentration. The corresponding reduced occurrences of asthma and respiratory disease are 109 and 46, respectively and premature mortality reduced is 81. The monetary value associated with the health effects is equivalent to US$79million. The GRDP reduced is US$473million, and the benefit-cost ratio is 0.174. The ratios for each region for benefits of health-only(Air) and health plus GHG(Air+GHG) is shown on Table 2. Benefit-cost ratio in case of fuel tax Region 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Air Seoul 0.547 0.468 0.453 0.461 0.376 Inchon 0.379 0.264 0.209 0.180 0.163 KG 0.553 0.488 0.466 0.443 0.426Air+GHG Seoul 0.547 0.481 0.466 0.474 0.387 Inchon 0.379 0.296 0.238 0.208 0.189 KG 0.553 0.510 0.486 0.463 0.444 Benefit-cost ratio in case of carbon tax Region 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Air Seoul 0.069 0.173 0.167 0.173 0.143 Inchon 0.051 0.182 0.147 0.132 0.123 KG 0.086 0.364 0.351 0.342 0.336Air+GHG Seoul 0.069 0.180 0.174 0.180 0.150 Inchon 0.051 0.206 0.170 0.154 0.145 KG 0.086 0.384 0.369 0.361 0.355