도시개발사업에서 환경생태계획의 체계적 도입방안

Abstract

Abstract Systematic Introduction of Environmental and Ecological Planning for Urban Development Projects The social phenomena of a city and the policies that go along with it are no longer limited to it; they also trigger changes in urban ecosystems that have wide ranging effects. In this context, this study looked for ways to carry out development projects in a sustainable manner. Particularly, this paper focused on reviewing, in depth, the status and problems of environmental and ecological planning that is currently applied to new town projects, large-scale development projects, and generating improvement plans. As a result, this study generated improvement plans and opportunities not only for the systematic introduction of environmental and ecological planning, but also in the overall process of carrying out urban development projects. In the process, procedures and contents to enhance environmental and ecological planning were also developed. First, related studies, including planning theories, and overseas case examples were examined. Urban development planning stresses the importance of an integrated awareness that respects both the circular system of nature and the circular system of human society. In connection to this, sustainable planning based on a network of various plans, segments, and stakeholders appears to be a paradigm in recent plans. In addition, the necessity to develop techniques and tools for the evaluation of nature’s intrinsic value was recognized. It is also necessary to forecast spatial changes by considering environmental elements and factors by leveraging advanced science and engineering techniques and develop land use plans. Ultimately, a city should be understood and perceived as part of nature. In this context, when setting an urban development plan, it is necessary to look for ways to consider individual environmental elements in an integrated perspective and interpret and resolve them at the spatial level rather than a plan considering environmental elements as media. In particular, in the case of these plans based on scientific logic and rationality, the necessity of adaptive planning was stressed to identify errors in actual forecasting and realistic problems through monitoring and re-applying them to management plans. In Germany, Landschaftsplan was developed according to space hierarchy, and systems that can be reflected to space planning are built. These were perceived as a means to preserve and protect the environment and ecology. In addition, a Landschaftsplan was a requirement for the approval of a development plan. In Japan, strategic environmental assessment, which reviews the location and scale of development projects in a high-level plan, is performed. By including implementation means in urban environmental plans and green area master plans, the possibility of actual application is raised. Findings from the review of literature and case examples were addressed with regard to the procedures and scope of introducing environmental and ecological planning while also considering the reality of the Korean situation. In order to define the terms and functions of environmental and ecological planning, which are used interchangeably today, a legal and institutional framework, as well as documents and case examples were examined and the opinions of experts were gathered. As a result, for the environmental and ecological planning of development projects, "spatial environmental planning" and "environmental and ecological planning" seemed most appropriate. In particular, the term "spatial environmental planning" was repeatedly suggested because "space" is a vessel where environmentally-friendly technologies or techniques are held and cities, as spatial structures, are directly associated with urban sustainability. Spatial environmental planning has multiple meanings while clearly suggesting the environmental aspects of a city through the improvement of structures and patterns. In addition, environmental and ecological planning is used most generally in the environmental planning of development projects to date. In fact, its key activity is developing conservation and restoration plans for spaces in a development project focusing on ecology and resources. As a result, for environmental and ecological planning in development projects, plans mainly considering environmental and ecological aspects should be developed. However, through planning at a spatial level, it should be aligned with space development plans at a development project level to further strengthen economic, social, and cultural features. Planning terms for development projects generated through this study should be reflected by laws and guidelines through a consensus among ministries such as the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. Case examples that adopted environmental and ecological planning, as well as legal and institutional frameworks related to urban development projects, were analyzed and assessed. Comprehensive assessments were divided into assessments of environmental and ecological planning on the feasibility of a project, assessments of environmental and ecological planning from a policy point of view, assessments of procedural aspects on the adoption of environmental and ecological planning, and assessments of environmental and ecological planning activities. Then, the outcome of each assessment was examined. Findings were incorporated to the maximum extent in the chapter How to Introduce Environmental and Ecological Planning. In How to Introduce Environmental Ecological Planning, the following four principles were set for the introduction of environmental and ecological planning based on the results of prior studies. -Environment and ecological planning should be considered first in development planning. - Environmental and ecological planning is not another plan; it improves the efficiency and contents of a development plan. - Environmental and ecological planning should be a comprehensive plan of environmental planning, including high-level environment conservation plans. Furthermore, it is a spatial plan developed in greater detail and advanced manner for the site. - Environmental and ecological planning and development planning should evolve into a sustainable and integrated development plan in the long term. Based on these principles, the size of projects subject to environmental and ecological planning was set. In the end, experts suggested that it would be most desirable to legally require environmental and ecological planning for both urban development projects and housing estate development projects that exceed 1,000,000 ㎡. In such cases, when environmental and ecological planning evolves into an internalized development plan, instead of a separate plan, the scope of projects recommended froman institutional point of view will expand and become applied to all projects. For the procedural improvements to environmental and ecological planning, nine issues were singled out throughout the phases of development planning. Solutions were suggested by separating them into the site and district designation phase, development planning phase, implementation planning phase,and post-management phase. In order to solve problems pertaining to the designation of a site and district in a development project, the following was recommended: 1)Develop an urban environmental conservation plan at the city level into a spatial information system and improve the spatial planning aspect. At the same time, build a system to reflect the city master plan and enhance its consultative function. 2)Step up evaluation and develop techniques regarding the location feasibility aspect of sites planned for urbanization, which are decided duringthe urban management planning phase according to a recent amendment to the guidelines (July 2008). 3)As environmental and ecological planning is adopted during the potential development site survey phase, more feasible sites and district alternatives should be suggested. In addition, the efficiency of planning could be increased because status survey data would be shared between the development planning team and the evaluation team. 4) Deliberation and consultation by the Urban Planning Committee should be further enhanced in order to consider environmental aspects more during the site and district designation phase. Next, in order to address problems brought up during the development planning phase: 1) Environmental and ecological planning should be in place. 2) Development of mechanisms or means to align and adjust environmental ecological planning and development planning is required. 3)Consensus-building of public opinions and their adjustments were suggested. In order to solve problems observed during the implementation planning phase: 1) A detailed environmental plan should be set for each development site. 2) Production and distribution of detailed environmental plans in the form of a handbook or guidebook were suggested. In order to solve problems raised during the post-management phase, increased monitoring on the application of the plan and the improvement of its contents were suggested. In consideration of improvements to the planning system, the scope of environmental and ecological planning was set after looking at information related to environmental and ecological planning, literature review, expert interviews, and relevance of related plans. It was largely divided into the overview of planning (the objective and direction of environmental and ecological planning), environmental and ecological conception (status survey analysis, ecological networking, alternatives on site and district boundaries, etc.), conception of spatial structure and framework (environment carrying capacity analysis, conservation and restoration suitability analysis and planning),and urban environment regeneration and impact reduction plans (clean environment city sector, ecological area ratio sector, etc.). By synthesizing the above-described results, the functions of environmental and ecological planning, development planning, and environmental assessment and their inter-relations were defined. The defined inter-relations seem likely to be developed into a form that would enable sustainable land development. At this point intime, a development plan and an environmental and ecological plan should be developed as separate but inter-related plans. However, overthe long term, environmental and ecological planning should be developed into an internalized planning system and ultimately evolved into a sustainable development plan. In addition, a plan developed through this process should be assessed for its adequacy and impact through the environmental assessment system and monitored afterwards. Considering the pace of urbanization, including the government’s current urban policies, urban areas are expected to grow steadily for the time being. The expansion of urban areas will accompany urban development projects. Given this, the reasonable and sustainable undertaking of urban development projects is urgently required. In this context, this study aimed to raise the probability by improving the implementation system of urban development projects and promote soundness through substantial improvements.